APES Climate Change Essays

APES Climate Change Essays APES Climate Change Paper APES Climate Change Paper Proxy Indicators types of indirect evidence that serve as substitutes for direct measurements from a different time or place Ice Core Data A type of proxy indicator scientists examine air bubbles from ancient atmospheres that are trapped in deep layers of ice by extracting columns from the ice, or ice columns Climate Models programs that combine what is known about atmospheric circulation, ocean circulation, atmosphere-ocean interactions, feedback loops. IPCC an international panel of scientists established by UNEP that issued the Fourth Assessment Report Fourth Assessment Report consensus of scientific climate research that documents observed trends in climate change factors and predicts future changes based on further greenhouse gas emissions United States Global Research Program created by congress to coordinate federal climate research. predicts many things, including:(1)average temps will rise 3-5?(2)droughts and floods will worsen (3) snowpack will decrease> water shortage (4)Sea level rise will cause loss of coastal wetlands and real estate Hadley vs. Canada Model Hadley Model estimates less drastic temperature increases than Canadian Model, which estimates increases of up to 25? F. Electricity Generation is the number 1 largest contributor to US CO2 emissions (about 40%) Sources of Electricity Fossil Fuel Combustion-50% of electricity comes from coalwe can change to cleaner sources, but havent yet Automobile Effectiveness -62% lost to friction/engine heat-17% idling-5% inefficiencies-2% radio/AC appliances=_________________________only 14% of fuel input goes toward movement 2 main ways to reduce emissions -conservation and efficiency-switching to cleaner renewable sourcesother notable ways include:-agricultural sustainablilty -sustainable forestry-waste management UN FCCC Outlined a plan for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to levels back in 1990s by 2000. It was on a voluntary basis, so many nations didnt comply Kyoto Protocol unlike the FCCC which was voluntary, this was a COMPULSORY agreement for signatories of the treaty to bring emission levels back down. US didnt sign -__- Addressing Climate Change Because Bush Admin. didnt take action, states and local governments responded to popular desire for limiting greenhouse emissions by signing US Mayors Climate Protection Agreement; they would meet or beat Kyoto Protocol. Carbon Offset practice used in Cap n Trade policy. It is a voluntary payment to another entity intended to enable that entity to reduce the greenhouse emissions that one is unable or unwilling to reduce on their own. Basically, pay to be allowed more emissions Global Climate Change trends and variation in Earths climate, involving aspects such as temperature, precipitation, and storm frequency/intensity. Global Warming increase in Earths average surface temperature (just one aspect of Global Climate Change) Factors Influencing Climate Change there are natural effects, i.e. the sun, but primarily Fossil Fuel Combustion and Deforestation. Greenhouse Gases Gases that absorb infrared adiation very effectively: Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous Oxide, Ozone, CFCs Greenhouse effect the warming of Earths surface and atmosphere (especially trophosphere) caused by the energy emitted from greenhouse gases CO2 spike caused by Burning Fossil Fuels, Deforestation Aerosols Microscopic droplets and particles that have either a warming or cooling effect. Milankovitch Cycles Three periodic changes in the Earths rotation (axial wobble, variation of tilt, variation of orbit) that alter the way solar radiation is distributed on Earths surface El Nino conditions are triggered when air pressure increases in western Pacific and decreases in easter Pacific. ( I like to think El Nino=East, No.) ^_^ La Nina opposite of El Nino NADW North Atlantic Deep Water: Created by the loss of heat from warm currents arriving at Europe, which become colder and denser and sink.

Biography of Mary Anderson, Windshield Wiper Inventor

Biography of Mary Anderson, Windshield Wiper Inventor Mary Anderson (February 19, 1866–June 27, 1953) was hardly a likely candidate to invent the windshield wiper- especially considering she filed her patent before Henry Ford even started manufacturing cars.  Unfortunately, Anderson failed to reap financial benefits from her invention during her lifetime, and as a result shes been relegated to a footnote in the history of automobiles. Fast Facts: Mary Anderson Known For: Inventing the windshield wiper, before a single one of Henry Fords automobiles was madeBorn: February 19, 1866 on Burton Hill Plantation, Greene County, AlabamaParents: John C. and Rebecca AndersonDied: June 27, 1953 in Monteagle, TennesseeEducation: UnknownSpouse(s): NoneChildren: None. Early Life Mary Anderson was born on February 19, 1866, to John C. and Rebecca Anderson on Burton Hill Plantation in Greene County, Alabama. She was one of at least two daughters; the other was Fannie, who remained close to Mary all her life. Their father died in 1870, and the young family was able to live on the proceeds of Johns estate. In 1889, Rebecca and her two daughters moved to Birmingham and built the Fairmont Apartments on Highland Avenue soon after their arrival. In 1893, Mary left home to operate a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California but returned in 1898 to help care for an ailing aunt. She and her aunt moved into the Fairmont Apartments with her mother, her sister Fannie, and Fannies husband G.P. Thornton. Andersons aunt brought an enormous trunk with her, which when opened contained a collection of gold and jewelry that allowed her family to live comfortably from that point forward. In the thick of winter in 1903, Anderson took some of that inheritance from her aunt and, eager to make exciting use of the money, took a trip to New York City. The Window Cleaning Device It was during this trip that inspiration struck. While riding a streetcar during a particularly snowy day, Anderson observed the agitated and uncomfortable behavior of the vehicle’s cold driver, who had to rely on all sorts of tricks- sticking his head out of the window, stopping the vehicle to clean the windshield- to see where he was driving. Following the trip, Anderson returned to Alabama and, in response to the problem she witnessed, drew up a practical solution: a design for a windshield blade that would connect itself to the interior of the car, allowing the driver to operate the windshield wiper from inside the vehicle. She filed an application for a patent on June 18, 1903. For her â€Å"window cleaning device for electric cars and other vehicles to remove snow, ice, or sleet from the window,† on November 10, 1903, Anderson was awarded U.S. Patent No. 743,801. However, Anderson was unable to get anyone to bite on her idea. All the corporations she approached- including a manufacturing firm in Canada- turned her wiper down, out of a perceived lack of demand. Discouraged, Anderson stopped pushing the product, and, after the contracted 17 years, her patent expired in 1920. By this time, the prevalence of automobiles (and, therefore, the demand for windshield wipers) had skyrocketed. But Anderson removed herself from the fold, allowing corporations and other business-people access to her original conception. Death and Legacy Although little is known about Mary Anderson, by the 1920s, her brother-in-law had died, and Mary, her sister Fannie, and their mother were again living in the Fairmont Apartments in Birmingham. Mary was managing the building where they lived when she died at their summer home in Monteagle, Tennessee on June 27, 1953. Mary Anderson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2011. The windshield wiper, May Andersons legacy, was adapted for automotive use, and in 1922, Cadillac began installing the wiper as a piece of standard equipment on its cars. Sources Windshield Wiper Inventor, Miss Mary Anderson, Dies. Birmingham Post-Herald, June 29, 1953.  Carey Jr., Charles W. Anderson, Mary (1866–1953), inventory of the windshield wiper. American Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and Business Visionaries. New York: Facts on File, 2002.Mary Anderson: Windshield Wiper. National Inventors Hall of Fame.  Olive, J. Fred. Mary Anderson. Encyclopedia of Alabama, Business and Industry, February 21, 2019.  Palca, Joe. Alabama Woman Stuck in NYC Traffic in 1902 Invented the Windshield Wiper. National Public Radio, July 25, 2017.